Evidence of Nuclear Fission && Fusion
- [Nuclear Fission Products] Barium and Strontium Detected in The World Trade Center Dust
- Yttrium Detected From Decay of Nuclear Fission Product: Strontium-90
- [Nuclear Fusion Fuel] Tritium Detected In Water Surrounding World Trade Center Complex
- [Nuclear Fission Product] Radioactive Iodine-131 Detected At World Trade Center
- Electromagnetic Pulse Blast Destroyed Vehicles Surrounding The World Trade Center
What Is Barium And How Does It Related to Nuclear Fission?
Barium specifically the Barium-141 isotope is one of the products of Nuclear Fission.
This was discovered in 1939 by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in Berlin, Germany.
This was discovered during an experiment where Uranium-135 was bombarded with neutrons.
One of the Nuclear Fission products produced by this experiment was Barium-141.
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Washington State Department of Health
Fact Sheet 320-093 - The History Of Fission
SOURCE_URL: https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Documents/Pubs//320-093_nucfis_fs.pdf
“As chemists we are obliged to accept the assignment of barium to the observed activity, but as nuclear chemists working very closely to the field of physics we cannot
yet bring ourselves to take such a drastic step, which goes against all previous experience in nuclear physics.
It could be, however, that a series of strange coincidences has misled us.”
- Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Naturwissenschaften, 1939, 27, p11.
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Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY
A History of Plutonium - Shining Light on a Dark Element
SOURCE_URL: https://www.lanl.gov/media/publications/actinide-research-quarterly/0922-shining-light-on-a-dark-element
Facts About Barium
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What Is Strontium[-90] And How Does It Related to Nuclear Fission?
Strontium
Facts About Strontium
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United States Geological Survey [Science For A Changing World]
World Trade Center USGS Bulk Chemistry Results
SOURCE_URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0429/chem1/WTCchemistrytable.html
The WTC Dust Contained Barium, Strontium[-90], Yttrium[-90] and Uranium
Chemistry Table 1 - Outdoor dust Samples
| Elements
|
WTC 01-02 |
WTC 01-03 |
WTC 01-05 |
WTC 01-06 |
WTC 01-14 |
| Barium (PPM) |
765 |
376 |
nm |
nm |
461 |
| Strontium (PPM) |
1000 |
409 |
nm |
nm |
643 |
| Yttrium (PPM) |
58.9 |
30.2 |
nm |
nm |
2.89 |
| Uranium (PPM) |
3.92 |
1.96 |
nm |
nm |
777 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Outdoor dust samples, continued
| Elements
| WTC 01-15 |
WTC 01-16 |
WTC01-17 |
WTC 01-21 |
WTC 01-22 |
| Barium (PPM) |
405 |
3670 |
nm |
460 |
452 |
| Strontium (PPM) |
736 |
3130 |
nm |
787 |
710 |
| Yttrium (PPM) |
46.1 |
31.4 |
nm |
54.5 |
47.6 |
| Uranium (PPM) |
2.71 |
2.3 |
nm |
3.16 |
3.09 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Outdoor dust samples, continued [Second Table]
| Elements
| WTC 01-25 |
WTC 01-27 |
WTC 01-28 |
WTC01-30 |
WTC01-34 |
| Barium (PPM) |
624 |
470 |
491 |
nm |
nm |
| Strontium (PPM) |
695 |
701 |
711 |
nm |
nm |
| Yttrium (PPM) |
61.6 |
54.9 |
53.8 |
nm |
nm |
| Uranium (PPM) |
3.78 |
3.36 |
3.27 |
nm |
nm |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Indoor dust samples
| Elements | WTC 01-20 |
WTC 01-36 |
| Barium (PPM) |
390 |
438 |
| Strontium (PPM) |
706 |
823 |
| Yttrium (PPM) |
44.1 |
52.6 |
| Uranium (PPM) |
2.7 |
3.23 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Girder coatings
| Elements | WTC 01-08 |
WTC 01-09 |
| Barium (PPM) |
317 |
472 |
| Strontium (PPM) |
444 |
378 |
| Yttrium (PPM) |
134 |
243 |
| Uranium(PPM) |
4.72 |
7.57 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Minimum, Maximum && Mean
| Elements | Minimum | Maximum |
Mean* |
| Barium (PPM) |
317 |
3670 |
533.38 |
| Strontium (PPM) |
378 |
3130 |
726.61 |
| Yttrium (PPM) |
30.2 |
243 |
57.45 |
| Uranium (PPM) |
1.96 |
7.57 |
3.29 |
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United States Geological Survey [Science For A Changing World]
Environmental Studies of the World Trade Center area after the September 11, 2001 attack.
Chemistry Table 1
SOURCE_URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0429/chem1/WTCchemistrytable.html
Traces of tritiated water (HTO) were detected at the World Trade Center (WTC) ground zero after the 9/11/01 terrorist attack.
A water sample from the WTC sewer, collected on 9/13/01, contained 0.164±0.074 (2σ) nCi/L of HTO. A split water sample, collected on 9/21/01 from the basement of
WTC Building 6, contained 3.53±0.17 and 2.83±0.15 nCi/L, respectively.
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American Chemical Society
Study of Traces of Tritium at the World Trade Center
SOURCE_URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bk-2004-0868.ch015
Traces of tritiated water (HTO) were detected at the World Trade Center (WTC) ground zero after the 9/11/01 terrorist attack.
A water sample from the WTC sewer, collected on 9/13/01, contained 0.164±0.074 (2σ) nCi/L of HTO. A split water sample, collected on 9/21/01 from the basement of
WTC Building 6, contained 3.53±0.17 and 2.83±0.15 nCi/L, respectively.
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American Chemical Society
Study of Traces of Tritium at the World Trade Center
SOURCE_URL: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bk-2004-0868.ch015
The WTC Dust Contained Lithium[-6]
Chemistry Table 1 - Outdoor dust Samples
| Elements
| WTC 01-02 |
WTC 01-03 |
WTC 01-05 |
WTC 01-06 |
WTC 01-14 |
| Lithium (PPM) |
27.4 |
17.4 |
nm |
nm |
23.2 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Outdoor dust samples, continued
| Elements
| WTC 01-15 |
WTC 01-16 |
WTC01-17 |
WTC 01-21 |
WTC 01-22 |
| Lithium (PPM) |
22.1 |
18 |
nm |
23.3 |
23 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Outdoor dust samples, continued [Second Table]
| Elements
| WTC 01-25 |
WTC 01-27 |
WTC 01-28 |
WTC01-30 |
WTC01-34 |
| Lithium (PPM) |
28.5 |
25.2 |
24.8 |
nm |
nm |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Indoor dust samples
| Elements
| WTC 01-20 |
WTC 01-36 |
| Lithium (PPM) |
21.9 |
24.9 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Girder coatings
| Elements
| WTC 01-08 |
WTC 01-09 |
| Lithium (PPM) |
25.2 |
36.4 |
Chemistry Table 1, continued - Minimum, Maximum && Mean
| Elements
| Minimum |
Maximum |
Mean* |
| Lithium (PPM) |
17.4 |
36.4 |
24.00 |
Tritium is not common. It is a radioactive isotope that decays relatively quickly, with a 12-year half-life.
It is rare in nature and not immediately available for use in potential power plants. However, there is a process to produce tritium.
For example, exposing the more common element lithium to energetic neutrons can generate tritium through low-energy nuclear fission.
Scientists are actively researching how to produce tritium, a process called breeding, as part of a subsystem of a fusion power plant
at the rate needed to make future power plants self-sufficient for their tritium supply.
Tritium breeding systems will require enriched lithium, specifically the isotope lithium-6 (with three protons and three neutrons).
Since lithium-6 is far less abundant than other lithium isotopes, scientists are actively researching lithium isotope separation with an emphasis on scalable,
environmentally friendly methods.
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United States Department of Energy
DOE Explains...Deuterium-Tritium Fusion Fuel
SOURCE_URL: https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsdeuterium-tritium-fusion-fuel